Performing a multiplication on a computer is easy isn't it? PRINT 123*456 gives the immediate result of56088. Simple! What about PRINT 192374* 634512? The result is 1.22064E+11. What does the E+11 mean and is the displayed answer the EXACT (correct) result of the calculation? The E+l1 just means move the decimal point eleven places to the right, (E-l1 means move it eleven places to the left), adding the appropriate number of zeros when you have run out of figures. Doing this give 122064000000. The second question is a little more involved. 192374 » 634512 should end in an 8 because the last two digits of these numbers, 2 and 4, multiply to give 8. The print command does not give us an exact answer (but, admittedly, for the size of the answer it isn't far out). The problem is caused by using an 8-bit processor to manipulate denary (the correct word for what we often call decimal) numbers. So how do we get around this limitation? The program provided will accept very large numbers, (the size of the numbers accepted depending on the option chosen). If you request the FULL CALCULATION option the screen display will be done exactly the same as you would produce with pen and paper, with the limitations - The MULTIPLIER cannot have more than 18 non-zero digits; it can have more only if zeros are included.
- If the answer has more than 76 digits it may not fit on a single line and will destroy the formatting.
If the ANSWER ONLY option is selected only the second section of the program is used. This section has a further option which is SCREEN or PRINTER, (the display is sent only to the one selected, but defaults to the screen if ENTER only is selected). The numbers that this section can handle are huge. (The main limitation is the amount of time that you are prepared to wait for an answer). What is the use of it? Well, the full calculation display could be used by a student to check his/her working out and answer to pen and paper practice of long multiplication. We had some fun testing it to its limits, and checking for PALINDROMES (numbers which read the same backwards as forwards). Maybe the Federal Government could use it to calculate its debts!!! What follows is a fairly comprehensive coverage of how the program was developed and how it works. If this is of no interest then just type in the listing and use it. However, we would suggest that you follow through our notes, they might also help in understanding some of the capabilities of your AMSTRAD. Lets study doing a long multiplication by hand. 123 - the multiplicand
x 456 - the multiplier
738 - partial product
6150 - " "
49200 -" "
56088 - the productFirst we take the units digits of the multiplier - that is a 6. Then each of the digits in the multiplicand is, in tufn, multiplied by the 6, taking into account the "carries". We thus start off with 6 by 3 = 18; that is 8 down and carry 1 (which isn't really one but a unit of ten which appears as a one in the tens column). Next we move to the tens column of the multiplicand and have 6 by 2 = 12 with the 1 unit of ten carried over. So 12 +1 = 13, writedown the 3 and carry "1" (1 unit of 100 this time). It is the same process again, but with different numbers so we can use a loop. Finally 6 by 1 = 6, plus 1 (unit of 100) carried over gives 7.We now have a partial product 738. The above process is repeated (which means we can use another loop) with the 5 in the multiplier (which is really a 50 not a 5) to get 6150, and yet again with the 4 (that is 400) to get 49200. The final stage is to add up the partial products to get the product (answer). BUILDING UP THE PROGRAM The multiplicand and muliplier are entered as strings, the multiplicand in line 140 as a$ and the multiplier in 180 as b$. Line 160 gets the number of characters (length) of a$ and stores it as la, in line 190, lb docs the same for bS. Each string is then broken down into its separate digits, which, via the loops in line 270 for b$ and 300 for a$ are then stored in arrays a(j) and b(i). In line 270, for the first time through the loop i=1 therefore b(i) is b(1). Now line 280 "reads" b(1) = VAL(MlD$(b$,1b,1)) If 1b = 4 then MID$(b$,4,1) means "what is the fourth digit in b$, the 1 at the end meaning only one character is required. Suppose the fourth digit is a 9. We now have "b(1) is to be the value of a string containing just the cliaracter 9". b(1) is thus the number 9. The loop then increments to 2,3... up to its limit, picking out 1 digit at a time. Note that b(1) is the first character counting from the right hand end [the same applies to a(i)]. b(3> is the third digit from the right, the one in the hundreds column. For the example above 123 x 456, a(1)=3 and b(1)=6 so 6 x 3 is found by pp=a(1)*b(1) in line 320 (but ignore the +ca for the moment). So pp=18. Now comes the fun of turning 18 into 8 and a 1 to carry over to the next stag2 (the tens column), this is done by using the WHILE-WEND loop structure (lines 340 to 370). WHILE pp>9 (> means is greater than, < means is less than) which 18 is, then subtract 10 (line 350), and add 1 to the counter ca (line 360). As a result pp is now 8 and ca = 1, this now causes us to exit from this loop and continue. If pp is much greater than 9, such as 63, then the WHILE-WEND LOOP keeps operating, taking 10 off pp and adding 1 to ca on each pass. The final result in this example is pp=3 and ca=6 equivalent to "write down the 3 and carry 6" (ca for carry) So what happens to the current value of ca? On the next pass through the j loop ca is added to pp (line 320) and then immediately reset to zero (line 330) ready in case pp is greater than 9 (line 340) on the next pass through the loop. By the way, the i loop picks out one digit Irom the multiplier and the j loop then uses this with each digit in the multiplicand. Within the j loop each value of pp is printed as pr$. The reason for this has to do with the formatting. PRINT pp will print (space)(digits). Since we don't want a space we have stripped it off using the RIGHTS command (line 390). When the j loop has been completed we have to see if ca has a value higher than zero. This is the final carry and it has to be printed (line 430), we have used another WHILE-WEND routine to take care of this. Each time the i loop (line 270) is incremented we have to check whether we are multiplying by units, hundreds, thousands etc., so the appropriate number of zeros can be added to the end of the partial products. When i = 1 we are multiplying by a units digit, for i=2, a tens digit and so on. The k loop (line 380) prints the zeros. The last stage in the calculation is to add together the partial products. To do this we have used nested loops (line 500 - 730) starting the calculation from 'scratch'. This routine does all that the partial product calculations do plus it adds them together as well, using a slightly different approach. It is actually quite independent of the partial product calculations and, in fact it is used , again for the gigantic calculations that can be handled by the answer only option, line 800 onwards. The rest of the program lines deal with either option routines, input traps (which may not be completely fool proof), or formatting. Since we wanted the full calculation output to be as close as possible to working by hand (as stated earlier) the partial products are printed from left to right, and we had to think very carefully to get the '76-i+j-r' type arguments for the various LOCATE, TAB and WINDOW commands (a single character window has been used for the partial product). LIST OF MAIN VARIABLES a$ Multiplicand
b$ Multiplier
1a Length of a$
1b Length of b$
c$ CHRS(12) which is another way of CLS
ca The carry over in the Partial Product
pp A Digit in the Partial Product
o$ Is a pointer to direct the stream to the screen or printer as required in the answer only section.
i,j, & r Are used for holding the variables for calculation of the locations, and also in the calculation of the actual product.
In line 740 we used the SCREEN DUMP routine from The Amstrad User Issue No.ll, December 1985, page 5, by Roy Eiberg (When originally testing this program on both the 464 and 6128, we changed line 740 to a REM line tvhich included in its text the characters " |SCNDMP". This simple action caused the program to run incorrectly on the 464 because the contents cf line 750 were deleted. It didn 't effect the 6128. The REM line as shown in the listing below doesn't cause any problems, so clearly its the " I " which is the fly in the ointment. Perhaps some advanced user could lell us why? - Ed). The program listing is set out so you can use the AUTO line numbering command, as the REMark statements are used on in between lines they are to be omitted when typing in the listing. Here we have included an example of the answer only, which takes approximately 25 minutes to perform. 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 x
9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 =
99999999999995999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999980
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001whereas 123 x 456 = 56088 takes less than one second! TAU | ★ AMSTRAD CPC ★ DOWNLOAD ★ |
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Page créée en 470 millisecondes et consultée 1605 foisL'Amstrad CPC est une machine 8 bits à base d'un Z80 à 4MHz. Le premier de la gamme fut le CPC 464 en 1984, équipé d'un lecteur de cassettes intégré il se plaçait en concurrent du Commodore C64 beaucoup plus compliqué à utiliser et plus cher. Ce fut un réel succès et sorti cette même années le CPC 664 équipé d'un lecteur de disquettes trois pouces intégré. Sa vie fut de courte durée puisqu'en 1985 il fut remplacé par le CPC 6128 qui était plus compact, plus soigné et surtout qui avait 128Ko de RAM au lieu de 64Ko. |
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